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Monarchy in ancient India
Monarchy in ancient India was sovereignty over a territory by a king who functioned as its protector, a role which involved both secular and religious power. The meaning and significance of kingship changed dramatically between the Vedic and Later Vedic period, and underwent further development under the influence of Buddhism. Although there is evidence that kingship was not always hereditary during the Vedic and into the Later Vedic period, by the time of composition of the literature, traces of elective kingship had already begun to disappear.〔Altekar, A.S. ''State and Government in Ancient India'', p. 312〕 Over time, the king evolved from the equivalent of a tribal chief to a fully divine god-king on whose sacrifices the kingdom depended for prosperity and on whose legislation society depended for order.
==Kingship and the Vedas==
Vedic ideas about the establishment of the office of king ultimately draw upon legends about the coronation of one god as king of all others. Legends abound as to which of the gods won this position;〔See, for example, A. Br., 1.14; T. Br. 2.2.7.2; J. Br. 3.152.〕 In the ', Indra, Agni, Soma, Yama, and are all addressed as "King." Indeed, kingship in the ' largely manifests only in the form of gods as kings. Hymns directly addressed to earthly kings, like 10.173-10.175, are the exception rather than the rule. In these hymns, the king is said to have been "established" by Indra and "made victorious" by Soma and . Although this implies a close dependence of the king upon the gods, the rarity of the figure of the human king in the ' agrees with the idea that kings at this time were basically on a level with tribal chiefs and were not viewed as divine.〔see Sharma, Ram Sharan. ''Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India.'' p. 162; 186〕 There is a provocative line at 10.124.8 which mentions people electing their king, and 3.4.2 in the ''Atharvaveda'' seems to confirm this. Also, several hymns in the ' demonstrate the importance of the ''samiti'' (10.166.4, 10.191), the governing assembly, further indicating that the early Vedic king ruled in a tribal setting where decision making by assembly still played a major role.
As was stated above, the king was not considered divine in the early Vedic period.〔Altekar, p. 83.〕 By the time the were composed, however, the king was increasingly associated with the gods through his qualities and the rituals he performed.〔Altekar, p. 89-90; see also Sharma, p. 165 one example from the in which the king is equated with Prajāpati.〕 Also by this time, kingship had transitioned to a hereditary position and the ''samiti'' began to wane in importance.〔See Sharma, p. 64; 165.〕
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